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5/2(月)の放送の英文記事と英単語：在住許可、国外追放、行き詰まり

They Grew Up Legally in the U.S., but Can’t Stay After They Turn 21

residency 居住、在住許可
cutoff 切断、締め切り、近道
deferred 延期した、据え置きの
deportation 国外追放、強制送還
undocumented 文章化されていない、不法滞在の
deadlock 行き詰まり

著者：Aishvarya Kavi
(c) 2021 The New York Times Company

WASHINGTON — In 2011, after five years of working and living with his family in the United States on a temporary visa, Barathimohan Ganesan submitted green-card applications for his wife, his 5-year-old daughter and his 11-year-old son.

Ganesan, who was born in India and has also lived in Singapore and Australia, was nervous about when his wife and children might gain permanent residency. He knew the waiting list was especially long for Indians on his kind of visa, an H-1B, which allows American companies to employ skilled foreign workers. Because of chronic backlogs, it can take years to process those on work visas who apply for permanent residency.

Last year, a decade after he applied, Ganesan, his wife and his daughter received their green cards. But his son had turned 21 and missed the cutoff by months, leaving him scrambling for a visa that would allow him to stay in the United States.

Ganesan’s son is among more than 200,000 children who grew up in the country under the protection of their parents’ temporary visas, which can be renewed indefinitely. But the children risk losing their legal status when they turn 21. Unable to become permanent residents because of the backlogs or because they were never eligible, they must obtain a different visa, remain in the United States without legal status or leave entirely. According to the Cato Institute, more than 10,000 children age out of green-card eligibility each year; untold numbers eventually depart, often leaving their families behind.

These young people do not qualify for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Created by executive action during the Obama administration, the DACA program protects from deportation about 650,000 youths, or Dreamers, who were brought into the United States and have remained without legal status. Because the program requires applicants to be undocumented, it does not offer those with legal status a way to stay.

A comprehensive immigration overhaul is highly unlikely to pass a deadlocked Congress in a midterm election year. The Biden administration has been under increasing pressure as a Donald Trump-era public health order, known as Title 42, is set to be lifted in late May, a move that is expected to create a surge of migration across the southwestern border. A bipartisan group of senators restarted immigration discussions Thursday to try to identify stand-alone proposals that would have the support of both parties.

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5/3(火)の放送の英文記事と英単語：窒息状態、包括的な、楽観的な

Growth Slows to a Crawl as War and COVID Grip the Biggest Economies

chokehold 窒息状態 hobble (計画の達成など) を故意に妨害する
overarching 包括的な
sour (状況などが) 悪くなる
sanguine (見方などが) 楽観的な
divergent 異なる
backdrop 背景
funnel A to… (お金など) A を (…に) 送り込む

著者：Patricia Cohen
(c) 2021 The New York Times Company

Rising prices, fallout from the war in Ukraine and continuing supply chain chokeholds slowed growth around the world in the first quarter and hobbled efforts by major economies to recover from the pandemic.

The latest evidence came Friday, when the European Union said the 19 countries that use the euro grew only 0.2% overall during January, February and March compared with the previous three months.

One day earlier, the United States announced that its economy had shrunk 0.4% over the same period. China, the world’s second-largest economy behind the United States, reported signs of significant weakness this month as another wave of COVID-19 prompted widespread lockdowns.

“The overarching message is that the global growth outlook is souring, and it is deteriorating at a faster rate and in a more serious way than most analysts have anticipated,” said Neil Shearing, chief group economist at Capital Economics.

There is significant variation in the causes, as well as the forecasts, among the three major economic blocs.

Although total output in the United States contracted, analysts tended to be more sanguine about the American economy’s prospects, noting that consumer spending was strong despite high inflation and that the labor market remained tight. By contrast, China’s report of 4.8% growth in the first quarter masks just how much that economy is suffering from a slump in the real estate industry, overinvestment and pandemic-related shutdowns.

As for Europe, it is much more affected by the war in Ukraine.

“Growth around the world is evolving at different speeds,” said Gregory Daco, chief economist of EY-Parthenon, but “inflation is present almost everywhere in most sectors.”

Those divergent economic backdrops may cause governments and central banks to choose different, or even conflicting, policies as countries try to slow inflation without tipping into recession.

In the United States, the Federal Reserve is set on raising interest rates to bring down inflation, Daco said, while governments in Europe may end up funneling more money to their citizens to blunt the impact of rising energy prices. And China, he said, is caught in a bind: “They do not want to let go of their COVID-zero policy, but they realize the drag on economic activity from that policy is massive.”

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5/4(水)の放送の英文記事と英単語：気候温暖化、ガミガミ小言をいう、地球科学

Research Highlights a Choice About the Fate of Ocean Life

extinction 消火、終息、絶滅、(家系などの)断絶
Climate Warming 気候温暖化
nag ガミガミ小言をいう、引っかかる
drastically 徹底的に、思い切って、大幅に
Geoscience 地球科学
trigge ​​(銃の)引き金、(紛争などの)きっかけ、はずみ、誘因
on par 互角

著者：Catrin Einhorn
(c) 2021 The New York Times Company

At first, the scientists chose a straightforward title for their research: “Marine Extinction Risk From Climate Warming.”

But as publication approached, something nagged at them. Their findings illustrated two drastically different outcomes for ocean life over the next three centuries depending on whether greenhouse gas emissions were sharply curbed or continued apace.

“We were about to send it in and I thought, ‘Gee, it sounds like a title that only has the dark side of the result,’” said Curtis Deutsch, a professor of geosciences at Princeton University who studies how climate change affects the ocean. “Not the bright side.”

So he and his co-author, Justin L. Penn, a postdoctoral researcher at Princeton, added a word they hoped would highlight their finding that the grim scenario outlined by their results could still be avoided.

On Thursday they published “Avoiding Ocean Mass Extinction From Climate Warming” in Science. It is the latest research that crystallizes the powerful yet paralyzed moment in which humanity finds itself. The choices made today regarding greenhouse gas emissions stand to affect the very future of life on Earth, even though the worst effects may still feel far away.

Under the high emissions scenario that the scientists modeled, in which pollution from the burning of fossil fuels continues to climb, warming would trigger ocean species loss by 2300 that was on par with the five mass extinctions in Earth’s past.

On the other hand, reining in emissions to keep within the upper limit of the Paris climate agreement would reduce ocean extinction risks by more than 70%, the scientists found. In that scenario, climate change would claim about 4% of species by the end of this century, at which point warming would stop.

“Our choices have huge impacts,” Deutsch said.

Pippa Moore, a professor of marine science at Newcastle University in England who studies the effects of climate change on the ocean and was not involved with the study, called it comprehensive.

“This paper adds to the huge body of evidence that unless more is done to curb our greenhouse gas emissions, our marine systems are on course to see a massive shift in where marine species live and, as shown in this paper, significant extinction events that could rival previous mass extinction events,” she said.

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5/5(木)の放送の英文記事と英単語：無神経な、一時停止した、悲しそうな様子で

Bill Murray Speaks About ‘Insensitive’ Behavior on ‘Being Mortal’ Set

insensitive 無神経な、鈍感な
suspended 一時停止した、撮影中止
taken amiss 悪くとる、気を悪くする
contritely 悲しそうな様子で
resolve 解決する
inappropriate 不適切な

著者：Alex Traub
(c) 2021 The New York Times Company

Actor Bill Murray said that a movie in which he was set to star was suspended because an attempt at humor had been taken amiss by a female co-star, addressing publicly for the first time an episode that has gotten widespread attention.

“I did something I thought was funny, and it wasn’t taken that way,” Murray said in an interview Saturday with CNBC’s Becky Quick during coverage of Berkshire Hathaway’s annual shareholders’ meeting.

Murray, who is 71, labeled the episode a “difference of opinion” and did not apologize. While limiting his discussion of what happened to generalities and without going into detail, he spoke contritely about unwittingly “insensitive” behavior.

“I’ve been doing not much else but thinking about it for the last week or two,” he said. “The world’s different than it was when I was a little kid. What I always thought was funny as a little kid isn’t necessarily the same as what’s funny now.”

The movie, “Being Mortal,” based on a 2014 book of the same title by writer and surgeon Atul Gawande, is being made by Searchlight Pictures, which Murray said is conducting an investigation into the episode.

Murray was the movie’s intended lead, and it was also to star Aziz Ansari, who had been directing it and who wrote the script. Seth Rogen and Keke Palmer had also been cast in the film.

The episode involving Murray happened April 15. Production was halted that day, someone working on the movie told The New York Times on the condition of anonymity.

Murray did not name the female colleague who had objected to his behavior, but he said the two of them were in touch and that he felt optimistic about resolving the issue.

“We like each other’s work, and we like each other, I think,” he said. “What would make me the happiest would be to put my boots on and for both of us to go back into work.”

Searchlight sent the cast and crew a letter, a copy of which was obtained by The New York Times, that attributed the suspension of filming to a complaint but did not identify its nature or who made it. The person working on the movie said the cause was an allegation of “inappropriate behavior.”

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5/6(金)の放送の英文記事と英単語：しっかりと押し下げる、安心材料、破壊

Fed Makes Biggest Interest Rate Increase Since 2000 as High Inflation Persists

Tamp Down しっかりと押し下げる
Reassurance 安心材料
Expeditiously 迅速に
Disruption 破壊、混乱
Constrain 抑制、制限

著者：Jeanna Smialek
(c) 2021 The New York Times Company

The Federal Reserve ramped up its attack on inflation Wednesday, approving its biggest interest rate increase since 2000, detailing a plan to shrink its bond holdings and signaling that it will continue working to cool the economy as it tries to tamp down the fastest price increases in four decades.

While the Fed raised interest rates by half a percentage point and Chair Jerome Powell said that similarly large increases would be “on the table” at the Fed’s upcoming meetings, he shot down the idea that policymakers were considering an even larger move, as some investors had feared.

That reassurance helped to send stock indexes soaring. The S&P 500 rose 3%, the biggest jump since May 2020.

Many on Wall Street have been nervously eyeing the Fed’s path as it tries to beat back inflation, worried that officials might slow demand so much that the economy will tip into a recession.

By lifting rates and shrinking its nearly $9 trillion in bond holdings, the Fed will push borrowing costs higher across the economy, moves aimed at slowing demand.

“Inflation is much too high, and we understand the hardship it is causing, and we’re moving expeditiously to bring it back down,” Powell said Wednesday.

Policymakers spent most of 2021 hoping that inflation would ease on its own as supply shortages moderated and as the economy evened out after early pandemic disruptions. But inflation has only accelerated. Now, fresh pandemic-related lockdowns in China and the war in Ukraine are further elevating prices for goods, food and fuel. At the same time, workers are in short supply and wages are rising rapidly in the United States, feeding into higher prices for services as consumer demand remains strong.

Prices climbed 6.6% in the year through March, according to the Fed’s preferred measure of inflation, more than three times the 2% average annual increases that the Fed aims for.

Officials began to raise interest rates in March and have recently signaled that they will lift borrowing costs up to the point at which they begin to constrain the economy. Powell said that once they achieve that goal, officials will assess how the economy is performing and continue to raise rates if doing so is necessary.

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5/7(土)の放送の英文記事と英単語：無秩序に広がっていた、考古学者、頭蓋骨

They Thought the Skulls Were Murder Victims. They Were Off by Centuries.

Sprawled 無秩序に広がっていた
Commonplace ありふれたこと
Indeed それどころか
Archaeologist 考古学者
Craniums 頭蓋骨
Anthropology 人類学
Beheaded 斬首された
Femur 大腿骨

著者：Eduardo Medina
(c) 2021 The New York Times Company

In 2012, authorities in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas entered a dark cave and confronted a ghastly sight: about 150 skulls sprawled across the ground, all with missing teeth and shattered bits of bone.

The police started an investigation, believing it was a crime scene of migrants killed near the border with Guatemala, where gang violence is commonplace.

Indeed, it was a crime scene. Just not one that occurred recently.

Last week, 10 years after the discovery, authorities said in a statement that they had determined the skulls were from sacrificial killings between A.D. 900 and 1200.

“We have already learned a lot of information,” Javier Montes de Paz, an archaeologist who analyzed the bones, said in a news conference on April 11. “But it’s also important to note: What were those craniums doing in that cave?”

Researchers at the National Institute of Anthropology and History analyzed marks on the bones and determined that the deaths had happened centuries ago. Such marks would appear only after “a lot, a lot of time” had passed, Montes de Paz said.

The researchers found that the victims had been beheaded, that most of the bones were from female victims, and that all were missing teeth, though it was unclear if they had been extracted before or after death, Montes de Paz said.

The researchers also found the skeletal remains of three infants.

The pre-Hispanic bone pile in the Comalapa cave was likely a tzompantli — an altar for worshipping gods that would look like a modern-day trophy rack, with skulls placed on aligned wooden sticks, Montes de Paz said. Similar practices were common in Maya, Aztec and other Mesoamerican civilizations, according to Smithsonian Magazine.

The wooden material “disappeared over time and could have collapsed the skulls,” Montes de Paz added.

Investigators in the cave also found aligned wooden sticks, another sign of a tzompantli, according to a statement from the National Institute of Anthropology and History.

Anthropologists studying the skulls found other bone fragments at the site, including a femur and pieces from arms. Intact bodies, however, had not been found, Montes de Paz said.

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5/8(日)の放送の英文記事と英単語：母校、学際的な、能力

Stanford Gets $1.1 Billion for New Climate School From John Doerr

alma mater 母校、校歌
wean ~ off (from)… ~から…を引き離す
interdisciplinary 学際的な、多分野にまたがる
inaugural 新任の、就任の
faculty 能力、機能、学部、教授団、教職員

著者：David Gelles
(c) 2021 The New York Times Company

John Doerr, one of the most successful venture capitalists in the history of Silicon Valley, is giving $1.1 billion to Stanford University to fund a school focused on climate change and sustainability.

The gift, which Doerr is making with his wife, Ann, is the largest ever to a university for the establishment of a new school, and is the second largest gift to an academic institution, according to the Chronicle of Higher Education. Only Michael Bloomberg’s 2018 donation of $1.8 billion to his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, ranks higher.

The gift establishes the Doerrs as leading funders of climate change research and scholarship, and will place Stanford at the center of public and private efforts to wean the world off fossil fuels.

“Climate and sustainability is going to be the new computer science,” said Doerr, who made his estimated $11.3 billion fortune investing in technology companies such as Slack, Google and Amazon. “This is what the young people want to work on with their lives, for all the right reasons.”

The school, to be known as the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, will be a home to traditional academic departments related to topics such as planetary science, energy technology and food-and-water security. It will also feature several interdisciplinary institutes and a center focused on developing practical policy and technology solutions to the climate crisis.

Arun Majumdar, who was named the school’s inaugural dean and has advised the Obama and Biden administrations on energy issues, said the school would provide context and analysis around climate change issues, but would stop short of advocacy.

Majumdar said the new school would work with and accept donations from fossil fuel companies.

“Those that want to diversify and be part of the solutions, and they want to engage with us, we are open to that,” he said.

Other major universities, including Columbia, are establishing interdisciplinary schools focused on climate change as well. Yet the Doerr School for Sustainability, Stanford’s first new school in 70 years, will be among the largest and best funded. It will launch with 90 faculty members and add 60 more over the next 10 years. The university said it had raised an additional $590 million alongside the gift from the Doerrs, and that some of the funds would be used to construct two new buildings.

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